|  | Source Models of Large Earthquakes
              
                | 
                  The TO team is developing numerical models to estimate the location
                    and amount of slip on
                    an earthquake fault.
                    We analyse all large earthquakes, as well smaller ones that occur
                    in areas
                      of special interest to the TO. Click on an earthquake to see its magnitude
                    and slip map - or see table below.  
                    
                      Preliminary Seismological Model: With real-time access to global seismological
                        network data (teleseismic records),
                        we are able to generate slip maps of a fault within a couple
                        of days of an earthquake. Such rapidly generated results
                        are labeled  "Preliminary Seismological Model."
                        (See
                          more details on our methodology)
                      Updated Model: In the days and months following an earthquake,
                        when additional measurements have become available, such
                        as  Global
                          Positioning System (GPS), ground deformation measurements using radar and optical images, and  Accelerogram data,
                        we combine these new data with the teleseismic records to
                        generate more refined slip maps, which are labeled "Updated
                        Model."
  Back Projection: We image the rupture propagation of an earthquake by back-projection of the seismic waveforms that are recorded by large arrays at teleseismic distance. This source imaging technique allows us to track the location and migration of the multiple sources of high-frequency radiation that compose an earthquake rupture front. |  
              
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                    | Contact email: to-source-models (at) gps.caltech.edu |  
                    | Event Date | Name/Location | Preliminary Seismological
 Model
 | Updated Model
 | Back Projection
 |  
                    | 2014 | 01 April | (Mw=8.1) North Iquique, Chile | x |  |  |  
                    | 2013 | 24 Sept. | (Mw=7.7) Balochistan, Pakistan |  | x |  |  
                    | 2013 | 16 Apr. | (Mw=7.8) Khash, Iran | x |  |  |  
                    | 2012 | 28 Oct. | (Mw=7.8) Masset,Canada | x |  |  |  
                    | 2012 | 11 Apr | (Mw=8.6) Sumatra | x |  | x |  
                    | 2012 | 20 Mar | (Mw=7.4) Oaxaca, Mexico | x |  |  |  
                    |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
                    | 2011 | 11 Mar | (Mw=9.0) Tohoku-Oki, Japan | x | #1  #2 | x |  
                    |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
                    | 2010 | 04 Apr | (Mw=7.2) El Mayor-Cucapah, Mexico |  | x |  |  
                    |  | 27 Feb | (Mw=8.8) Maule, Chile | x |  |  |  
                    |  | 12 Jan | (Mw=7.0) Haiti | x | x | x |  
                    |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
                    | 2009 | 7 Oct | (Mw=7.6) Vanuatu Islands | x |  |  |  
                    |  | 30 Sep | (Mw=7.6) Padang, Indonesia | x |  |  |  
                    |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
                    | 2008 | 16 Nov | (Mw=7.3) Sulawesi, Indonesia | x |  |  |  
                    |  | 12 May | (Mw=7.9) East
                      Sichuan, China | x | x |  |  
                    |  | 20 Feb | (Mw=7.4) Simeulue,
                      Indonesia | x |  |  |  
                    |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
                    | 2007 | 14 Nov | (Mw=7.7) Tocopilla,
                      Chile | x |  |  |  
                    |  | 12 Sep | (Mw=7.9) Pagai
                      island, Indonesia | x | x |  |  
                    |  | 12 Sep | (Mw=8.4) Benkulu,
                      Indonesia | x | x |  |  
                    |  | 15 Aug | (Mw=8.0) Pisco, Peru | x | x |  |  
                    |  | 13 Jan | (Mw=8.1) Kuril Islands | x |  |  |  
                    |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
                    | 2006 | 15 Dec | (Mw=8.3)
                      Kuril islands | x |  |  |  
                    |  | 08 Oct | (Mw=7.9)
                      Southern Java, Indonesia | x |  |  |  
                    |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
                    | 2005 | 12 Dec | (Mw=7.6) Kashmir, Pakistan | x | x |  |  
                    |  | 15 Jun | (Mw=7.2) Northern California | x |  |  |  
                    |  | 13 Jun | (Mw 7.8) Tarapaca, Chile | x |  |  |  
                    |  | 28 Mar | (Mw=8.5) Sumatra, Indonesia | #1  #2 | x |  |  
                    |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
                    | 2004 | 26 Dec | (Mw=9.15) Sumatra-Andaman, Indonesia |  | #1 |  |  
                    |  | 15 Nov | (Mw=7.1) Near W Coast of Colombia | x |  |  |  
                    |  | 11 Nov | (Mw=7.4) Kep Ulauan Alor, Indonesia | x |  |  |  
                    |  | 28 Sep | (Mw=5.9) Parkfield,
                      CA | x | x |  |  
                    |  | 05 Sep | (Mw=7.1) Near S. Coast of Western Houshu, Japan | x |  |  |  
                    |  | 07 Feb | (Mw=7.3) Irian Jaya, Indonesia | x |  |  |  
                    |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
                    | 2003 | 04 Aug | (Mw=7.5) Scotia Island | x |  |  |  
                    |  | 15 Jul | (Mw=7.6) Carlsberg Ridge | x |  |  |  
                    |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
                    | 2001 | 26 Jan | (Mw=7.6) Bhuj, India |  | x |  |  |  
 Related Links:  Acknowledgments: This project is supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Tectonics Observatory, National Earthquake Information Center of USGS, and by Caltech's Seismological Laboratory. |